BANKING APPLICARION

Electronic Fund Transfer (ETF)

EFT is a system that allows money transfer instructions to be sentdirectly to a bank’s computer system. Upon receiving one of these instructions, the computer system automatically transfers the specified amount from one account to another.

Transfer instructions can come from other banks or frombusinesses.

A very common use of EFT is when a large business pays its employees’ salaries. On pay day, the businesses tells the bank to move money from the business account to the employees’ bank accounts…

Other examples of where EFT is used are discussed in some of the following sections…

If money is transferred from one bank account to another, nothing isphysically moved – no piles of cash are picked up and moved from one place to another.

The amount of money in a bank account is simply a number in the bank’s computer system.

When money is transferred between accounts, all that happens is one number in the system gets bigger and another gets smaller.

Obviously the EFT system has to be very secure – the bank can’t allow just anyone to sent transfer instructions (otherwise we would all be sending messages to bank computers to move money into our accounts!)

The EFT system uses very strongencryption for all messages and the encryption keys are only given to trusted partners (other banks and big businesses).

Using Cash Machines (ATMs)

ATMs can be used to for a range of banking services…

• Withdrawing cash
• Depositing money
• Checking the balance of accounts
• Transferring money between accounts
• Paying bills

A customer identifies him/herself and their bank account by using abank card. The card is inserted into the ATM where it is read by amagnetic strip reader or a smart card reader. The customer also types a secret PIN into the ATM’s numeric keypad to confirm that they are the real owner of the card

ATMs can be used by customers of other banks as the ATM can useEFT…

If a customer of Bank A uses her debit card to withdraw cash from an ATM belonging to Bank B:

1. Bank B gives her the cash
2. Bank B now is owed money by Bank A
3. Bank B sends an EFT instruction to Bank A asking for money to be transferred from the customer’s account to Bank B.
4. Bank B has now been paid back

Electronic Payments for Goods (EFTPOS)

Banks allow goods to be paid for electronically, using a system calledElectronic Fund Transfer at Point-of-Sale (EFTPOS).

A full description of EFTPOS can be found here.

Internet Banking

It is now very common for bank customers to access their bank account from home using on-line banking services.

Customers use a computer and connect to the bank’s secure (encrypted) website where they login (usually with a username and a password)

Customers can use the on-line banking system to…

• Check the balance of bank accounts
• Pay bills
• Transfer money between accounts (using EFT)
• Apply for loans, or other services

Compared to traveling to your actual bank, Internet banking has a fewadvantages…

• More convenient – can be used 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
• Saves time and money since you don’t have to travel anywhere to use it
• Data can be downloaded and analysed (e.g. in a spreadsheet) which can help with planning budgets

But there are some disadvantages too…

• Requires you to have a computer and Internet access to use it
• Some people prefer to speak to a person (personal service)
• If your account is hacked, or your username / password is stolen (e.g. if your computer has malware) money could be stolen from your account

Telephone Banking

This is similar to Internet banking, but does not require a computer, only a normal telephone.

The system works by you calling the bank’s telephone banking number then…

• You enter your account number (using the phone’s number keys)
• You enter your PIN / secret code
• You then hear various options: (“Press 1 to find your balance, Press 2 to transfer money…”)
• You pick an option (using the phone’s number keys)
• And so on…

Customers can use the telephone banking system to…

• Check the balance of bank accounts
• Pay bills
• Transfer money between accounts (using EFT)
• Speak to a bank representative to get financial advice

The advantages of telephone banking are similar to Internet banking, but there are some extra things…

• You don’t need a computer
• You can speak to an actual person

The disadvantage compared to Internet banking…

• The system can be difficult to use (working through all of those menus)

Processing Cheques (Cheque ‘Clearing’)

Banks have to deal with thousands of hand-written, paper chequesevery day.

When a cheque arrives at a bank, the information on the cheque has to be entered into the bank’s computer system so that the correct funds can be transferred between the correct accounts. Entering this data quickly and accurately is a time-consuming and difficult task.

To help speed things up, a special system of printing is used on cheques that can be read by a reader connected to the computer system. At the bottom of every cheque, printed in a special font usingmagnetic ink, is the bank account number and cheque number:

Each cheque is passed through an MICR READER  that can read these special numbers. (A small reader is shown here, but in large banks the MICR readers are much bigger and can thousands hundreds of cheques.

The hand-written part of the cheque (the payee and the value of payment) can be entered into the computer system by either using ahuman to read the writing and typing the data in, or by using OCR.

What is an Expert System?

An expert system is computer software that attempts to act like a human expert on a particular subject area.

Expert systems are often used to advise non-experts in situations where a human expert in unavailable (for example it may be too expensive to employ a human expert, or it might be a difficult to reach location).

How Do Expert Systems Work?

An expert system is made up of three parts:

A user interface – This is the system that allows a non-expert user to query (question) the expert system, and to receive advice. The user-interface is designed to be a simple to use as possible.

A knowledge base – This is a collection of facts and rules. The knowledge base is created from information provided by human experts

An inference engine – This acts rather like a search engine, examining the knowledge base for information that matches the user’s query

The non-expert user queries the expert system. This is done by asking a question, or by answering questions asked by the expert system.

The inference engine uses the query to search the knowledge base and then provides an answer or some advice to the user.

Where Are Expert Systems Used?

Medical diagnosis (the knowledge base would contain medical information, the symptoms of the patient would be used as the query, and the advice would be a diagnose of the patient’s illness)

 

Playing strategy games like chess against a computer (the knowledge base would contain strategies and moves, the player’s moves would be used as the query, and the output would be the computer’s ‘expert’ moves)

 

Providing financial advice – whether to invest in a business, etc. (the knowledge base would contain data about the performance of financial markets and businesses in the past)

 

Helping to identify items such as plants / animals / rocks / etc. (the knowledge base would contain characteristics of every item, the details of an unknown item would be used as the query, and the advice would be a likely identification)

 

Helping to discover locations to drill for water / oil (the knowledge base would contain characteristics of likely rock formations where oil / water could be found, the details of a particular location would be used as the query, and the advice would be the likelihood of finding oil / water there)

 

Helping to diagnose car engine problems (like medical diagnosis, but for cars!)

Can Expert Systems Make Mistakes?

 

Human experts make mistakes all the time (people forget things, etc.) so you might imagine that a computer-based expert system would be much better to have around.

 

However expert systems can some problems:

Can’t easily adapt to new circumstances (e.g. if they are presented with totally unexpected data, they are unable to process it)

Can be difficult to use (if the non-expert user makes mistakes when using the system, the resulting advice could be very wrong)

They have no ‘common sense’ (a human user tends to notice obvious errors, whereas a computer wouldn’t)

batch processing

Online booking system

computers are often used to book (reserve) air flights, seats in the cinema, rooms in a hotel, tables in a restaurant, etc.

In all of the above examples, there are a limited number of items (seats on a plane, rooms in a hotel, etc.) which need to be allocated.

 

It is very important that any booking system prevents the same item being booked twice (double-booking).

So How do Booking Systems Work?

 

If we were talking about a single, small cinema, where you had to queue up to buy tickets at the front door, the reservation system would be very simple: We could just use a piece of paper and tick off seats as they were reserved.

 

However, most booking systems are much more complex than this. A typical booking system must cope with booking requests from many different sources, all arriving at the same time. For example, flights can be booked by customers online, by travel agents in dozens of different offices, by businesses, etc.

How do booking systems manage all these bookings without making any double-bookings?

All Booking Systems are Real-Time

The Key to all booking systems is the fact that they are real-time systems.

A real-time system is one where every input is processed immediately, so that the resulting output is ready before the next input is processed.

In the case of a booking system…

The inputs are booking requests

The processing involves checking if bookings are possible, and if so making the bookings

The outputs are booking confirmations / rejections

Because a booking system is real-time, when a booking request arrives, the previous booking has already been fully processed. This is what prevents double-booking.

An Example…

 

Imagine that two people are using an airline’s website to try and book seats on a flight. Both people try to book seat 38C and the same time…

Even though the booking requests are made at the same time, one request will be received by the airline’s computer just before the other (since requests come into the system through a ‘queue’)

 

This is what happens:

Input: Please reserve seat 38C

Process: Has seat 38C already been booked? No… so book it

Output: Booking confirmed for seat 38C

Input: Please reserve seat 38C

Process: Has seat 38C already been booked? Yes!

Output: Booking rejected

You can see that the first input is fully processed before the next one. So seat 38C doesn’t get booked twice.

What is pay roll ?

The ‘payroll’ of a business is the system used to calculate the salary (how much they are paid for their work) of each employee.

The inputs to a payroll system are:

Employee code (used to lookup the employee’s other details, e.g. name, bank account, etc.)

Hours worked

Rate of pay (e.g. $25 per hour)

The processing involves the following calculation:

 

Pay = Hours Worked X Rate of Pay

 

The outputs from a payroll system are:

A printed payslip (given to the employee to show how his/her pay was calculated)

A cheque, or an EFT payment directly into the employee’s bank account

Many places of work automatically record hours worked by the employees using systems such as swipe-cards or fingerprint readers.

 

When an employee arrives at work, they swipe their ID card, and then do the same when they leave.

Hours worked = Time out – Time in

Sometimes money may be added on to a person’s pay (e.g. for working extra ‘overtime’)

Sometimes pay is taken away (e.g. as tax, or health insurance payments.

How is a Payroll Processed?

 

The payroll is usually processed once a week or once a month (depending upon how often the business pays its employees).

 

This means that batch-processing is ideal for payroll processing:

Working hours data is collected into a batch

The data can be processed in one go at the end of the week/month

The same calculations will be performed on all the data

No user input is required during the processing

The processing can be done during quiet times when the computer system is not being used for other things (e.g. at night)

Billing systems

Our Electricity Customer Care and Billing (CC&B)  is a solution we deploy to customers that have the following profile qualities;

Have arrangements with the likes of AEMO or similar market systems

Run a utility company that retails electricity to residential and or commercial and industrial customers

You hold a valid license to Sell electricity at Retail

Require a platform that enables you to manage all customer interactions including;

Maintaining Customer information

Customer sign ups online or over the phone

Move in and move outs

Customer enquiries regarding billing and payments , rate cards

Bill presentation on line with itemised breakdown

Bill presentation by post or PDF

Payment platforms including

Pay by phone

Pay over the counter (eg Australia Post)

Pay online with Credit Card

Direct Debit from credit card

Direct Debit from Bank Account

Tokenised payments

SMS Payment confirmations

Notifications to customers

SMS

Post

Online

Email

Reporting requirements including

NEM Reports

Aged Recs

Margin analysis

Bad debt reports

Sales and Churn reports

Ombudsman reports and more

 

What is Stock Control?

 

 

Every business needs to keep track of the items that it manufactures or sells (the stock). The system that monitors the items in stock is called the stock control system.

 

E.g. in a store, the stock includes all of the items on the shelves and out the back in the storeroom.

It is important that a business does not keep too much stock, nor too little.

Too much stock costs money as you have to store it all somewhere

Too much perishable stock (e.g. food) means that it may go bad before it is sold

Too little stock means that you might run out of stock before the next delivery arrives

Data in a Stock Control System

A stock control system is basically a database.

Each record (row) of the database is identified by an item code (the primary key).

Other fields in each record would include:

Description

Item price

Stock level (the number of items held in stock)

Minimum stock level (when stock falls below this, it needs to be reordered)

Reorder quantity (how many items we should order each time)

Receiving New Stock

When items are added in to stock (because a delivery has arrived) this is recorded in the stock control system.

The code of the new items is input to the system (usually using a barcode scanner, or similar technology). The record for the item is found in the stock database, or a new record is created, and the stock level is increased.

In many stores, the POS system is directly linked to the stock control system, so that stock levels are adjusted as soon as an item is sold.

Selling / Delivering Stock

 

When items are taken from stock (because they have been sold, or delivered somewhere) this is recorded in the stock control system.

 

The code of the item is being sold/delivered is input to the system (usually using a barcode scanner, or similar technology). The record for the item is found in the stock database, and the stock level is decreased.

In many stores, the POS system is directly linked to the stock control system, so that stock levels are adjusted as soon as an item is sold.

Automatic Re-Ordering of Stock

 

Stock control systems make it very easy for stock levels to be monitored, and for stock to be reordered when it is running low.

The stock control system regularly goes through all the records in the stock database and checks if the stock level is less than the minimum stock level.

Is Stock Level < Minimum Stock Level ?

If the stock is too low, it is reordered from the supplier. The quantity that is ordered is read from the stock database (larger amounts for more popular items)

control application

Control application
This section is split into two : turtle graphics and the usually known as turtle graphics e of sensors to control motor application .
1. Turtle graphics
In the computer language called “Logo” and is now usually known as turtle graphics. It is essentially the control of the movement of a ‘turtle’ on a computer screen by a number of key instructions which can be typed in .
This is the common logo command :

Note : using combinations of these commands makes it possible to draw all kinds of different shapes .

Example one :
Shape to draw

Logo command :                           
PENDOWN
Forward 60
Right 90
Forward 60
Right 90
Forward 30
Left 90
Forward 30
Right 90
Forward 30
Using REPEAT n ENDREPEAT

logo command logo command
PENDOWN         PENDOWN
FORWARD 30     REPEAT 4

Right 90              FORWARD 30

FORWARD 30        RIGHT 90
Right 90                  ENDREPEAT
(option 1)                    (option 2)
Note : both option above will draw above will draw the shape to the left . in option 2, however , does less step using Repeat and ENDREPEAT

Logo command
PENDOWN
REPEAT 6
FORWARD 30
LEFT 60

2. Applications using sensor
There is a difference between monitoring and controlling an application using a computer and sensors . in this cases, sensors are used to send data to a computer where the data processed- it is what happens next where the difference occur:
In Monitoring , the computer again reviews the data from the sensors ( by comparing it to data stored in memory) and updates its files and ?or gives a warning signal if the value are outside given parameters.
in control applications, the computer again reviews the data from the sensors ( by comparing it to data stored in memory). But if it is outside from the range ( acceptable range . the will send a alert.
They also use ADC ( analogue to digital converter)so that the computer can understand and process the data from the sensors.
Example :
Monitoring example : monitoring patient vital signs in a hospital
• Sensors read key vital signs ( such as pulse /heart rate , etc .)
• The data are converted into digital using an ADC
• The data stored in computer data
• The computer compares the data in the form of graphs / or digital read outs.
• An alarm is activated if there is something wrong
• The system continues to monitor the patient until the computer turned off
Advantage
• the computer will not forget to take reading
• they response very fast
• always work 24 hours
• the reading will be more accurate
• Readings can be taken more frequently if they
Robotic
Computer-controlled manufacturing has revolutionised the way products are made. Modern factories are full of robots; everything is automated.

In a modern factory the only people you will see are a few engineers who are responsible for keeping the robots and other machinery running smoothly.

This is very different to old factories, where everything was done manually by human workers.
What is an Industrial Robot?

When you think of the word ‘robot’, you might picture a human-shaped robot with arms, legs and a head – the sort you see in sci-fi films. However this is not how the sort of robots used in factories look.

Robots used in factories are called industrial robots, and they come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

The most common type of industrial robot looks a little bit like a human arm. The robot has joints (like our shoulder, elbow, and wrist) and some sort of manipulator / device on the end of the arm (where our hand would be).
The robot’s joints are powered by very strong electric motors. These motors are controlled by a computer.
How Are Robots Used in a Factory?

Robots in factories are used to:
lift heavy items into from place to place

modelling application & type of processing

A simulation is the creation of a model of real system in order to study the behavior of the system .
The model is generated and is based on mathematical representations .
And this is used to find out mechanisms control how a system in the future and also see the possibility to influence this future behavior.
Computer modelling have advantage like:
• Saving money
• Get information & solution more quickly .
• And more secure
And modelling application have many example :
• Traffic light simulation
• A model showing profit/loss

1. Tuck shop
This is the example uses a spreadsheet to do modelling.
And this is used to show a model of profit /loss from our selling.
2. Traffic light simulation
Used to demonstrate complex simulation , like traffic light
• Data collection
The success or the failure of a simulation model depends on how realistic it is ,
Data needs to be collected by watching traffic for a long period of time at the junction ( a traffic light in each road). This is the best done by using induction loop sensors which count the number of vehicle at each junction, manual data collection is possible but is prone to error and its difficult to do over 18 hours period , for example the following data should be collected:
• The number of vehicles passing junction in each area
• The time of day for vehicle count
• How many vehicles build up at the junction at different time a day
• How vehicle movement change at weekends
• How long it takes the slower & the fast vehicle
• The movement made by the vehicles ( example: turn left or right , filtering, etc)
• Environmental factor, like pedestrian crossing nearby.

Using the simulation
This simulation is used to optimize the flow of traffic through the junction on an ongoing basis.
• Sensor in the road gather data & count the number of vehicles at junction.
• This data is sent to a control box or a computer.it may need to be converted first into form understood by the computer.
• The gathered data is compared to data stored in the system. The stored data is based on model / simulation predictions. Which used to optimize the traffic flow.
• The control box or computer decides what action needs to be taken .
• Signals are sent out to the traffic light to change their timing necessary .
Advantage of using the simulation
• Less expensive
• Safer to run a simulation
• Various scenarios can be tried out in advance
• Nearly impossible to try out some task in real life because of high risk involve (example : in outer space , under the sea , in nuclear reactors, crash test ,etc.).
• Faster to do simulation than the real thing . this is most used in population growth, climate change , etc.
Disadvantage
• Only as good as the data used and the mathematical algorithms representing the real life situations. limited in use in some very complex application example : simulating a nuclear process.
• Can be very expensive to set up and require a specialist.
• Require a processors/ computer system s, to do necessary
Type of processing
3 basic of processing:
• Batch processing
• Real rime (transaction) or online processing
• Real time process control .
1. Batch processing
Sometimes we have a lot of data to process and it is all of a similar form (e.g. we might have to calculate the pay for 10,000 employees – the calculations we have to do for each employee are very similar)

In cases like this, we can prepare the data into a set or ‘batch’ and hand it over to the computer to be processed in one go. Once we have prepared the batch of data, no user input is required – the computer works its way through the data automatically.

This type of data processing is known as batch processing.

An advantage of this type of system is that the processing can occur when the computer is not being used for anything else (e.g. at night). The job is setup, people go home, and when they return the next morning the work has been done.

Typical application where batch-processing can be used:
• Payroll processing                                                                 
• Processing bank cheques
• Printing of bank statements
• Updating of a stock database
2. Real time processing
Sometime we need to process data immediately – we cannot wait and process it later (e.g. using batch processing)

For example, if we want to book a seat on a flight, the booking must be processed immediately. We can’t put it in a pile and do it later, because other people might be trying to book the same seat!

If an item of input data must be processed immediately, and the result is ready before the next input data is accepted, this is known as a real-time system.Typical application where real-time processing must be used:

  

Any type of monitoring system (e.g. hospital patient monitoring)
Any type of computer control system (e.g an automatic production line, an aircraft auto-pilot, the system controlling a nuclear power station, etc.)
Payment systems (e.g. EFPOS and ATM cash withdrawal)
All booking systems (e.g. flight booking, cinema seat booking, etc.)
Computer games (e.g. FPS, driving games, etc.)
3. Online process
An on-line system is one where the user is directly interacting with the computer – the user is ‘on-line’ with the computer.

So, any system where the user is entering data directly into the computer must be an on-line system. If data is being entered and then processed, it’s an on-line processing system.

Examples of on-line processing systems:

All booking systems (e.g. flight booking, cinema seat booking, etc.)
More and more businesses and organisations are storing our personal data so that it can be used to contact us later, for purposes like marketing (selling us things). Every time you fill in a form on a website, or sign up for a special offer, your details are stored in a database somewhere.

If the data in a database falls into the wrong hands, this can lead to some very big problems.

safety aspect

Safety aspect

-Electricity

-Trailing Wires

-Heavy equipment falling

-Fire Risk

WHAT RISK WILL HAPPEN?

WHAT CAUSES IT?

HOW TO PREVENT IT?

HOW TO HANDLE IT?

1. Electricity

Electricity can kill or severely injure and can cause damage on property.

• What risk will happen?

1. Contact with live parts causing burn & shock, can kill.
2. Faults which cause fire.
3. Fire & explosion where electricity could be the source of ignition in a potentially flammable or explosive atmosphere.

• What cause it?

1. In wet surroundings – unsuitable equipment can easily become live and can make it surrounding lives it.
2. Outdoors – equipment may not only become wet but may be at greater risk of damage
3. In cramped space with a lot of earthed metal work such as inside a tank – if a electrical fault developed it could be very difficult to avoid a shock .

• How to prevent it?

Cover sockets and outlets. Covering outlets with wall panels is crucial for preventing accidental contact with wires. If you live with small children, it is also wise to use socket safety plugs to keep curious fingers safe from injury.

Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) outlets and adapters. These devices are able to detect imbalances in the amount of electricity flowing through an appliance and will cut off power to the appliance. GFCI receptacles are required in most new construction homes, and can typically be installed in older homes for a low cost.

Replace electrical equipment that is worn or damaged. Pay attention to the condition of your electric devices, and maintain them regularly. Some signs that indicate a need for repair are:

Sparking

Issuing of small shocks

Frayed or damaged cords

Heat from electrical outlets

Reccurent short-circuiting

• How to handle it  ?

Electric Shock Self-Care at Home

Brief low-voltage shocks that do not result in any symptoms or burns of the skin do not usually require medical care (if you or the affected individual are unsure about symptoms, seek medical care). For any high-voltage shock, or for any shock resulting in burns, call 911 and seek medical care at a hospital’s emergency department. A doctor should evaluate electric cord burns to the mouth of a child.

2. Trailing wires risk

• What risk will happen ?

Slips, trips and falls

• What cause it ?

1. uneven floor surfaces
2. unsuitable floor coverings
3. wet floors
4. changes in levels
5. trailing cables
6. poor lighting
7. poor housekeeping.

• How to prevent it ?

Employers have a duty to make sure they protect people in the workplace from the risks of slips, trips and falls but everyone can help to avoid such accidents.

Reducing the risks is usually easy, costs little or no money and often has other benefits:

Spillages Clean up all spillages immediately. Use a cleaning agent if required. If the floor is wet, use appropriate signs to tell people the floor is still wet and that extra care is needed. Alternatively, use another route until the spillage or wetness is gone.

Trailing cablesTry to place equipment to avoid cables crossing pedestrian routes and use cable guards to cover cables where required.

Change of surface from wet to dryEnsure suitable footwear is worn, warn of risks by using signs and locate doormats where these changes are likely.

Rugs or mats Where they cannot be eliminated, make sure rugs or mats are securely fixed and that edges do not present a trip hazard.

Slippery floor surfaces Assess the cause of the slipperiness and treat accordingly, for example treat chemically and use appropriate cleaning materials and methods. In some cases you may need to repair or replace the floor surface.

Changes in level and slopesImprove visibility, lighting, provide hand rails and add tread markers or other floor markings.

Poor lighting Improve lighting levels and placement of lighting to provide a more even lighting level over all floor areas.

Footwear Ensure workers choose suitable footwear with the correct type of sole. If the work requires special protective footwear, the employer should provide it free of charge.

• How to handle it ?
  1. Look for slip and trip hazards around the workplace, including floor coverings and their condition, uneven floors, trailing cables and areas that are sometimes slippery due to spillages. Don’t forget to include any outdoor areas, remembering that weather conditions may be a factor.

2. Decide who might be harmed and how. Who comes into the workplace? Are they at risk? Are some groups more at risk than others?

3. Consider the risks. Are there already measures in place to deal with the risks? Are floor coverings suitable for the area and the work carried out there? What cleaning and maintenance systems are in place? Are regular inspections carried out? Are employees instructed to keep traffic routes clear?

4. Record your findings if you have five or more employees.

• Heavy equipment falling
• What risk will happen ?

Some ICT devices (like computer screens) are fairly heavy and can cause injury if they fall on you.

• What cause it ?

Equipment not positioned securely onto desks.

Poor quality and flimsy desks.

• How to handle it ?

Make sure that equipment is positioned away from the edge of desks.

Use strong desks/tables that can support the weight with ease.

• How to prevent it ?

Keep equipment away

from the edge of desks

Use a strong desk that can take the weight

5. Fire risk

• What risk will happen ?

ICT devices require power from a mains outlet.

If too many devices are plugged into a single mains at the same time it is possible to overload the circuit and start an electrical fire.

You need to ensure that your room has many plug sockets so you don’t have to overload any single one.

• What cause it ?

Too many devices plugged into a single mains outlet.

Leaving devices plugged in unattended for long periods.

Covering air vents on devices like laptops.

• What risk will happen

Fire presents significant risk to businesses. It can kill or seriously injure employees or visitors and can damage or destroy buildings, equipment and stock.

• stock combustible materials including flammable liquids or gases

use heat processes

have people working alone in parts of the building

have poorly maintained equipment or electrical circuits

have public access (i.e. are at risk from arson)

have poor housekeeping standards

• how to prevent it ?

Don’t overload mains outlets (plug sockets)

Have a fire extinguisher

in the room

Turn off and unplug devices when not in use

Do not cover up air

vents on devices

Make sure that your room has plenty of mains outlets.

Don’t plug too many devices into the same outlet.

Turn off and unplug devices if you are going to be away for a long time.

Have a CO2 fire extinguisher at hand.

Leave air vents on devices uncovered

• How to handle it ?

Make sure that your room has plenty of mains outlets.

Don’t plug too many devices into the same outlet.

Turn off and unplug devices if you are going to be away for a long time.

Have a CO2 fire extinguisher at hand.

Leave air vents on devices uncovered.

printer health issues

Printer health issue

Many of us taught that printer that printer can’t be a health issues, but actually we are wrong, printer can be health issues, why, how can it be?

And in this article we are going to explain what are the factor.

And this are the factor:

1. Toner:

Photocopiers and laser printers use toners as printing process. Toner is an extremely fine powder, which itself not categorized as a hazardous to health, but which they make hazardous is they are in form of dust, which can cause respiratory tract irritation, resulting in coughing sneezing.

The toner dust may spread to air surface for variety reason: toner dust spilled in the machine become a particle passing through air ventilation into the room, the waste toner compartment fills up and cause the toner to back to the machine, or the careless renewal of the toner cartridge causes a spill toner into the room.

And here some tips to prevention:

• If any Toner be split, it is better to vacuum up, rather than brush off because to avoid raising up to the air again.
• The remainder should be removed using damp clothes rinsed in cold water.
• Hot water should be avoided, because it can cause the toner melt and become sticky.
• Toner can be disposed as normal waste, and should be placed in a sealed bag to contain the fine powder.

2. Polymer resin :

The image fixing of the final copy uses a low melt polymer resin: this varies in its composition dependent on the manufacturer. The heat is required for this process is just sufficient to melt the resin and vapor produced is minimal and insignificant.

3. Ozone ( O₃)

The consequence of exposure to concentrations of ozone is the most common concern among user of photocopiers and laser printers.

As Ozone is such highly reactive substance, any adverse health affect will be found site of initial contact.

4. Light & Ultraviolet light:

the lamps in photocopiers emit light in both the visible and ultraviolet ranges. In general , Ultra violet light does not pass beyond the glass plate in which the original placed.

5. Noise & heat

Copiers with collating abilities can be noisy and high speed copiers that are heavily used can generate considerable heat. and in office environment , noise levels at or below 50-55 decibles are preferable.

 

And to avoid this thing that can be found in printers and photocopiers here’s some tips to buy a good printer :

1. Get the current price of each cartridge from the vendor’s own Website. If the vendor doesn’t sell cartridges directly to consumers, we average the prices collected from three or more major online retailers. Check to see whether a printer offers high-yield cartridges, which are often cheaper.
2. All inkjet printer vendors publish yield data for their ink and toner cartridges, estimating how many pages a cartridge can print before it runs dry. Most vendors’ yields are based on an industry-standard measuring tool–a specific suite of documents printed at specific settings–so the results are comparable across different models. Finding the yields can require a little digging, but feel free to explore, and don’t hesitate to bug the vendor for guidance if you can’t easily find what you’re looking for.
3. For each color, divide the price of the cartridge by the total page yield to obtain a figure for the cost per color per page. Be aware that your mileage will vary depending on what and how much you print from day to day.
4. One more tip: Check the information on “what’s in the box” to see whether you’re getting full-size ink or toner cartridges or lower-capacity, “starter”-size supplies.Often, lower-end laser and LED printers come with starter-size supplies, forcing you to buy a full set of replacement cartridges almost immediately. It’s getting harder to avoid this vendor trick, but at least you’ll be aware of it.

5. It’s wise to take engine-speed specifications with a grain of salt, as they may not reflect your usage pattern. Nevertheless, they provide some indication of what the printer could accomplish under optimal conditions. A printer with an print output speed of less than 20 pages per minute will probably be pretty slow; a range of 20 ppm to 40 ppm is adequate for most offices; and a speed greater than 40 ppm is ready for higher-volume use (and such printers are priced accordingly)

6.  Host-based printers lack their own image-processing power. Instead, they depend on a connected PC to handle the job for them. For any printer that has a dedicated processor, the higher the megahertz (MHz), the faster the machine can receive, interpret, and print a job.

   The number and size of expected jobs will dictate how much memory your printer should have. A typical amount for abusiness printer can be anywhere from 64MB to 256MB. Higher-end models have room for expansion.

visual ergonomic in office

Vision ergonomics in office

Many people have suffered discomfort in their eyes because of wrong eye position & distance while working on the computer, but there some tips  to avoid them . is :

1. Eye to screen distance

• Locate the monitor at least 25 inch away from the eyes

Hold your finger at arm’s length. Bring it slowly towards your nose, following it with your eyes. Notice that the closer your finger comes, the more eyestrain you feel

 

One of the main reasons for computer-related eyestrain is the closeness of the monitor. It seems easy to understand that, if having the monitor too close contributes to the problem, one of the solutions is to place it farther away. When viewing close objects the eyes must both accommodate and converge. Accommodation is when the eyes change focus to look at something close. Convergence is when the eyes turn inward towards the nose to prevent double vision. The farther away the object of view, the less strain there is on both accommodation and convergence (Fisher 1977; Collins 1975). Reducing those stresses will reduce the likelihood of eyestrain.

• How close is too close?

So how close is too close? It is difficult to set an exact limit for a minimum viewing distance. Continued viewing closer than the resting point of vergence contributes to eyestrain (Owens and Wolf Kelly 1987). The resting point of vergence (RPV) is the distance at which the eyes converge when there is nothing to look at, such as in total darkness. It varies among individuals, but averages about 45″ when looking straight ahead and 35″ with a 30° downward gaze angle. Viewing objects farther than the RPV has not been found to cause any problems.

• What is important to understand is that farther is better (at least up to the RPV). If you can read the monitor, it is not too far away. If you can’t read the characters, it’s usually better to make them larger than to bring the monitor closer.
• Distance to monitor and hard copy
• Early recommendations said that the monitor and document had to be at the same distance. But to do that often means moving the monitor closer. Research by Jaschinski-Kruza (1990) found that eyestrain was not increased when the monitor and document distance differed. In fact, users preferred that the monitor be farther away.
• For data entry tasks that require rapid shifts from screen to document, locating the screen and document at similar distances can reduce the time lag encountered when changing accommodation. In this case enlarging the document is the best solution. The larger letters will then be visible at the greater viewing distance.
• Performance
• Jaschinski-Kruza (1988) compared work performance with subjects working at viewing distances of 20″ and 40″. The task was to find mistakes in a database and he found better performance at the 40″ distance. The character heights were doubled as the viewing distance doubled. In another part of the study he increased viewing distance without making the characters larger and performance suffered. To take advantage of the productivity increases with farther viewing distance, you must ensure that the user can easily read both the screen and the hard copy.

2. Vertical monitor location

• Locate the entire viewing area of the monitor between 15° and 50° below horizontal eye level.
• To see the effect of gaze angle on accommodation, hold a business card at arm’s length and at eye level. Slowly bring it towards you until the letters start to blur. Without moving your head, slowly lower the card in an arc, keeping it the same distance from your eyes. You will see the letters come into focus. Your eyes have improved their ability to accommodate simply by lowering their gaze angle. Presbyopes (persons over 40 who are losing their ability to view close objects) often make use of this phenomena when they misplace their reading glasses. They hold reading material at arm’s length and then tip their head back to improve their ability to accommodate.
• To see the effect of gaze angle on your ability to converge, try this next demonstration. With your head erect, hold a pen at arm’s length and at belt level. Gradually bring it towards your nose, following it with your eyes until you can no longer converge accurately and you see two pens. Without moving your head, try the same test at eye level. Again, notice the distance at which you can no longer converge. Now bring the pen in from an upward gaze angle. As you can see and feel, your eyes converge more easily with a downward gaze angle.
• The old guidelines that recommended that the monitor be placed at eye level were based in part on the belief that the resting position of the eyes (considered to be the most comfortable gaze angle) is 15° below the horizontal (Morgan, Cook, Chapanis, and Lund 1963). New evidence (and some that has been around for a while) shows that, while the eyes might be most comfortable with a 15° gaze angle when looking at distant objects, for close objects they prefer a much more downward gaze angle (Kroemer 1997). Figure 1 shows the optimum position for the most important visual display, 20 – 50° below the horizontal line of sight, according to the International Standards Organization (ISO 1998).
• As we saw from the above demonstrations, a downward gaze angle improves our ability to accommodate and converge. Ripple (1952) found that subjects over age 42 increased their ability to accommodate by an average of 25.5% by directing their eyes downward in the “usual reading position.” Krimsky (1948) observed, “when looking upwards, the eyes tend to diverge…and when they look down, the effort to converge is much easier.” Tyrell and Leibowitz (1990) found that a low gaze angle resulted in reduced headaches and eyestrain.
• Many computer users experience dry eyes. Tsubota and Nakamori (1993) found that lower monitor placement exposes less of the eyeball to the atmosphere and reduces the rate of tear evaporation. This keeps the eyes more moist and reduces the risk of Dry Eye Syndrome.
• Neck posture
• Lower monitor placement can increase the acceptable options that users have for neck movement (Ankrum and Nemeth 1995). Eye-level monitors allow the head and neck to assume only one posture that is both visually and posturally comfortable.
• It is uncomfortable to maintain the same posture for an extended period of time. When users tire of the head-erect posture, the acceptable alternative postures with an eye-level monitor are limited. Flexing the neck is one alternative, but that results in the user looking out of the top of their eyes. While bending the neck downward may be physically comfortable (as long as you are not forced to hold it in a fixed position), looking out of the top of your eyes at close objects is extremely uncomfortable. People will just not do it for any length of time.
• Neck extension and forward head posture, while acceptable for the visual system, have been associated with both discomfort and disease (Kumar 1994; McKinnon 1994). With a low monitor position you can hold your head erect and look downward. When that posture becomes tiring, as eventually it will, a low monitor will allow you to alternate among a wide range of flexed neck postures that allow good visual performance and will not increase postural discomfort (as long as you don’t hold any particular posture for a long time).
• Many “ergonomic” guidelines include drawings that show a computer user with arms, torso, thighs and legs at 90° angles and the head perfectly erect. And, of course, the feet are “flat on the floor.” This is the “correct posture.” Generally users try it for a few minutes and reject it because it’s too uncomfortable. One theory has it that the reason you see drawings, and not models, depicting this “ideal” posture is that they can’t pay models enough to sit that long in such an awkward posture!
• Voluntary postural changes should be encouraged. Even alternative postures that look awkward may be ok if they are used for short-term relief from the discomfort caused by sustained, fixed postures. Stretching exercises require awkward postures and are often recommended by the same guidebooks that mandate the “correct” posture while working. As Paul (1997) points out, “The best posture is the next posture.” Whatever posture we are in, we will be most likely be better off in the one we assume next.
• Although most ergonomists agree that a low monitor is better for the visual system, the question has been “What happens to the neck and upper back?” Two recent studies have addressed that question. Turville and colleagues (1998) compared monitor locations with the center of the screen at 15° and 40° below horizontal. They compared the average (mean) muscle activity for 10 sets of neck and upper back muscles. The recommended limit for mean muscle activity is 10-14% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (Jonsson 1978). (MVC is the maximum muscle effort that can be voluntary exerted by the subject.) Although the 40° placement had higher readings than the 15° placement, all were much lower than the recommended limit. The highest was 6.8%. For the trapezius, the muscle most often associate with cumulative trauma disorders, the activity averaged an extremely low 2.2% MVC for the 15° and 2.0% MVC for the 40° conditions.
• Unfortunately, Turville et al., mistakenly compared their findings to Jonsson’s (1978) recommendation of a 2-5% MVC limit for static load. (The static load level is the lowest level of activity that occurs in the muscle during the work period, defined as the 10th percentile.) Because they reported the “mean” activity level, they should have compared it to Jonsson’s recommendation for mean muscle activity, which is 10-14% MVC. They erroneously concluded that the muscle activity while working in the low monitor condition was higher than the limit, when it actually was lower.
• Sommerich and colleagues (1998) compared monitor positions with the center of the monitor at eye level, and 17.5° and 35° below eye level. All of the conditions resulted in mean EMG levels of below 4% MVC, well below the recommended limit of 10-14%.
• Sommerich et al., (1998) also examined work performance. They found a 10% improvement in productivity when the center of the monitor was changed from eye level to 35° below eye level. Performance was measured as the number of bibliographic references the subjects were able to format in the allowed time.
• Computer work is near work. Many authors have noted that computer work differs from other near work in that most near work is done with a downward gaze angle, and computer work is done at a horizontal gaze angle. Instead of locating the monitor at a viewing angle similar to that of other near work, they often recommend special “computer” glasses. This represents the view that ergonomics means adapting the worker to the work environment. It is actually the other way around, the task of ergonomics is to adapt the work environment to the worker

MONITOR TILT

• Tilt the monitor back so that the top is slightly farther away from the eyes than the bottom.

Notice how you hold a magazine. Most likely you tilt it away from you at the top. While you are reading, rotate the magazine so that the top comes closer to you than the bottom. Keep rotating. The more you rotate the top towards you, the more uncomfortable it becomes to read.

When we look at the world, objects in the upper part of our peripheral vision are generally farther away than the point we are looking at, and objects in the lower part of our peripheral vision are usually closer. As a result, our visual system has developed to perform best when the visual plane tilts away from us at the top.

Tilting a monitor down, as is sometimes done to avoid glare, is opposite of the demonstrated capabilities of the visual system. In a comparison of monitor tilts, Ankrum and Nemeth (1996) found that tilting the monitor downward led to increased visual and postural discomfort when compared to a monitor tilted back. The most striking difference was in neck discomfort. The condition with the monitor low and tipped back led to the least increase in neck discomfort. Locating the monitor low and with the top tipped forward was the worst condition.

LIGHTING

• Ceiling suspended, indirect lighting. Control outside light with blinds and shades. Keep ambient light levels low and supplement with task lighting.

In an office of any size, the best solution for glare and reflections on the screen, as well as for overall visual performance, is ceiling suspended, indirect lighting. This is sometimes referred to as “uplighting.” The underside of the lamps should be the same color as the ceiling. Wall mounted sconces may also be appropriate in certain instances. Because some tasks and workers require more light than others, it is best to keep the overall light level low and allow workers to supplement it with individually controlled task lights.

Understanding a little bit about the principles of lighting can help you improve just about any office environment. First we have to understand what we are trying to accomplish. When evaluating a monitor, high contrast is desirable. You want the letters to stand out from the background.

When evaluating what is reflected from the screen, it is the opposite: contrast is the enemy. Contrast reflected from the screen competes for the user’s attention with the contrast on the screen. In some cases this can be an irritation, but in others it can make sections of the screen impossible to read.

Aside from absolute brightness, a big problem with direct ceiling lights is that they provide a high contrast with the rest of the ceiling. That contrast can reflect onto the screen. Many guidelines mistakenly specify only a luminance (brightness) value for ceilings and walls. While absolute intensity is important (a bright light reflecting off the screen will always cause problems), reducing the contrast is much more critical. Interrupting the ceiling with patches of bright light almost guarantees competing reflections on the screen.

With small office areas, it may be possible to reposition desks, or remove or reposition individual glare sources. However, this can become unwieldy for large areas. Repositioning a lamp may just transfer the problem to another workstation.

In many instances it is possible to retrofit small cube parabolic or paracube lenses to replace other types of lenses. If the cutoff angle (the angle beyond which the bulb cannot be seen) is acceptable, reflections of the light source from the screen will be eliminated. In other instances it may be possible to install shields or screens to reduce or eliminate the reflected contrast. 

Reorienting the screen can help in some instances. But, as we discussed earlier, it should not be tipped down. Hoods can be effective, as can removing bulbs. Task lights can supplement lower levels of ambient lighting. Anti-glare screens have been effective in certain instances, but should be evaluated before purchase. Some anti-glare screens reduce glare by 99%, but even that may not be enough for a very bright source.

Remember, because the front of the screen is glass, something is going to be reflected from it. The goal is to reduce the contrast in those reflections. An indirect-direct combination will not work because it still creates high contrast.

Perhaps the most famous study regarding performance and lighting conditions was done at Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant in Chicago (Mayo 1933). The researchers found that when they increased light level, productivity increased. They also found that when they decreased the light level, productivity still increased. In fact, no matter how they changed the lighting, productivity continued to increase.

The term “The Hawthorne Effect” is now used to refer to the principle that making any change in a workplace can improve short-term performance. The improvement results from just “paying attention” to the workers.

Perhaps as a result of the Hawthorne experience, few field studies have measured performance under different lighting conditions. Hedge et al., (1995) found an increase in self-reported productivity of 2-3% for lensed-indirect lighting when compared with parabolic downlighting.

It’s apparent that strong reflections in a screen reduce the ability to see the details on the screen. And if you can’t see the details, productivity will suffer. Properly installed indirect lighting can eliminate glare as a performance-robbing factor.

Most recommendations for office lighting are full of numbers such as “Illuminance levels between 200-500 lux.” Lighting designers often point to a set of measurements to show that the lighting design meets the specifications.

The primary function of light in the office is to support work. The ultimate criteria for a successful office lighting solution is how well it facilitates productivity and user satisfaction. No matter how esthetically pleasing or how well it conforms to a set of quantitative values, if a lighting design does not support the work, it has failed.

Rea (1991) offers an excellent discussion of VDT lighting.

SCREEN COLORS

• Screen colors: dark letters on a light background.

With the monitor off, look at your reflection in the screen. Now turn the monitor on and select a Windows-type background, (black letters on a white background). Notice that you cannot see your reflection as well.

Contrast is simply the difference in brightness between two images. With a white background, we reduce the difference in contrast between the screen and what is reflected off of it.

Negative screen contrast (black letters/white background) can reduce reflected images, as we saw with the demonstration. A white background also reduces the luminance (brightness) difference between the screen and the surrounding background of a normally lighted office. That makes it easier on your eyes.

Most early monitor screens had a black background with white, green or amber characters. Although white backgrounds were possible, the low quality of the monitors meant that the screen would flicker noticeably. Although newer technology has reduced the necessity, there are still many software programs with dark backgrounds.

Performance

Bauer and Cavonius (1980) found a lower error rate, with dark letters on a white background. Snyder and his colleagues (1990) also compared black and white backgrounds. Eight out of ten subjects increased their performance by using dark letters on a light background. The improvements ranged from a low of 2.0% to a high of 31.6%. The tasks were visual search and proofreading.

some  tips for who use glasses

1. use anti glare screen protection

2. use a special glasses for computer 

correct body posture while working on computer

Appropriate position in front of computer

Many people work in front of the computer with the wrong posture position, that can lead to back problem, And there is some factor that can cause back problem while working in the computer :

1. The chair of your computer
2. The sitting position while working with the computer

But now, we are telling some tips how to have good sitting position:

1. Seat height

Your seat should be high enough so that your arms are horizontal to your key board. your shoulders should be relaxed and your wrists straight (beware the height of your arm rests ).

2. Legs & feet

There should be a gap of about three fingers between the edge of the seat and back of your knees. Your hips should be slightly higher than your knees and your knees and your lower legs bent not less than 90°.your feet should be flat 90°.Your feet should be flat on the floor, or use some foot rest.

   

3. Keyboard & mouse

Position your keyboard so that you can comfortably rest your wrists on the edge of the desk .your mouse should be close to you shouldn’t have to reach to use it.  

4. Screen position

The screen should be positioned straight ahead &close enough that you can read the screen comfortably without having to lean forward. Most importantly the screen should be raised so that the top of the screen should be raised so that the top of the screen is level or just below your eye level. If your screen is too low or too high, this will affect the neutral position of your neck and could leak to neck pain / stiffness. You can use a purpose made riser to raise the screen to the desire level.

 

 

 

Source : www.Meadowheadphysiotheraphy .co.uk/view/resources

apprpriate position in front of the monitor

 

Many people have a health problem , cause they were  to long in computer with a awkward  position and very long period looking in front of the computer monitor with wrong distance   and this can lead to some factor : like eye problem , headache ,etc.

And to avoid the unwanted things ,like got headache  after a long time in the monitor ,there some tips to make setting with your computer monitor :

1. Center your monitor

              The best positions for your monitor  is directly in front of you. Putting the monitor off-center (i.e., to the left or right of your body) can cause neck and shoulder pain due to twisting and awkward

Exception: If you only occasionally look at the screen, it’s acceptable to place the monitor to the side. People who frequently interact with others across a desk – bank tellers and managers, for example – may want to keep the monitor to the side so that it doesn’t interfere with their communication. A good solution for these situations is a monitor swivel arm.

2. Sit arm length                               

Your monitor should be about arm’s length away when you’re sitting back in your chair. (Sitting too close or too far from your screen can cause eyestrain). If you have a large monitor – 20″ or larger – you should sit slightly further back.

3. Position the top of your screen level with your eyes.

The ideal viewing height is to have your eyes level with an imaginary line across the screen, about 2″-3″ below the top of the monitor. This can be accomplished in one of two ways – either by either lowering your monitor or raising your chair. If your screen is too low, you’ll find yourself tilting your head forward to view the monitor (a common cause of neck pain). If it’s too high, you may have to tilt your head back, leading to neck and shoulder pain – and increasing the likelihood of glare from overhead lights (a common cause of headaches).\

Exception: If you use a large monitor (20″ or larger), position your monitor so that the top of the viewing area is about 3″ above eye level.

4. Tilt your monitor slightly upward.

Tilt the screen so that the base is slightly closer to you than the top. This enables you to view the entire screen and the display more clearly. Tilting the monitor downward isn’t recommended unless necessary to reduce the glare of overhead lights or if your monitor is too high and can’t be adjusted.

Beware: Tilting the screen too far back may cause reflected glare problems from overhead lighting.

5.Beware of your window

Windows are a common source of glare on the monitor. If you work in a room with windows, be sensitive to any reflections (or glare) that may show on your monitor and cause you to squint. A great way to check for glare is to turn your monitor off and examine any reflections visible on it. Also, placing your monitor directly in front of a window can create an uncomfortable viewing situation if the brightness of the window is greater than that of the monitor (see below).

6. Balance the brightness of your monitor and its surrondings.

You should adjust your monitor so that its brightness is approximately equal to the area directly behind it. The goal is to eliminate any contrast between the brightness of the screen and the area behind it. (Make sure, of course, that your workplace is adequately lit!). Uneven brightness can cause headaches and vision issues (such as fatigue and squinting). You may need to adjust your screen brightness throughout the day if your workspace is lit by natural light.

7. Adjust your font size and color.
The size of your text should be about two or three times the size of the smallest text that you can read. Black text on a white background is usually the easiest to discern when word processing.

8.Reduce glare.

   If left uncorrected, glare will cause discomfort, eyestrain, and headaches. Try to reposition your monitor so that there’s no glare on the screen (but avoid putting it in a position that’s uncomfortable to view!). If you can’t avoid the glare by readjusting your monitor positioning, consider a high-quality glass anti-glare screen.

9. Consider a swivel arm.

If you frequently interact with others, and placing your monitor in the recommended location would interfere with your interactions, consider purchasing a swivel arm. Swivel arms enable users to maintain proper monitor location while in use and easily swing their monitors out of the ways when not in use.

For usage

1 . Follow the 20/20/20 Rule 
If you tend to work on your computer for prolonged periods of time, be sure to take a 20 second break every 20 minutes and look at least 20 feet away. This gives yours eyes a break and chance to adjust focus-a great way to avoid visual fatigue.

2. Keep a clean screen
   Dust gathers easily on monitor screens. Be sure to periodically use a recommended solvent to remove any accumulated dust or fingerprints, ensuring a clean and visually consistent display.

source : 

http://www.healthycomputing.com/office/setup/monitor

 

appropiate desk for computer

Appropriate desk for computer

Why we need appropriate desk for our health? because  if we don’t have the right desk for our computer , it will cause a injuries like shoulder pain and lead to the risk of developing back aches &  other uncomfortable pain  and it will create uncomfortable atmosphere like stress, because of to many things in the desk .

And if you spend a lot of time on the computer both at work and at home like I do, then it’s important to make computer desk ergonomics are applied. Before we rush out to buy ergonomic computer furniture, we have to understand the ergonomic principles. Not every ergonomic computer desk is going to work for you because certain things like height plays an important factor.

 

Computer desk ergonomics (tips)

In this chapter there is some tips to choose a ergonomic computer desk :

1) Take into account of your ideal arm position when sitting at the desk

2) When buying a desk, consider also the kind of chair ergonomic hopefully, that will go with it.

3) Consider if a keyboard tray under the table as well, if your knees and arm angles are right.

4) If your desk comes with a built in foot rest, check if they are in ideal position.

5) Otherwise, consider a foot rest along with your ergonomic desk purchase.

6) Choose a desk that has a matte finish 

 

Varieties of ergonomic computer desk

 

There are also many other varieties and features or ergonomic computer desks. They come in long and narrow shapes, L-shapes, keyboard tray feature. The desks are sometimes “cut” in to allow you to sit a little closer more comfortable distance. You have ergonomic desks built with a platform for multiple screens as well as ergonomic desks built for short term, standing use.

The variety of ergonomic desks are catered to individuals depending on how they work. Don’t worry if you are about to choose an ergonomic desk, just follow the principles above and you’ll be fine.

If you don’t have a specific ergonomic table set up for work, for instance you work out of a laptop and you can work anywhere from the dining table to the coffee table, you could follow these principles of ideal ergonomic position (of your arms when working) or consider getting an ergonomic laptop desk.

Shape of ergonomic desk :

120° desktop

90° desktop

Straight desktop .

 

Thank you for viewing