control application

Control application
This section is split into two : turtle graphics and the usually known as turtle graphics e of sensors to control motor application .
1. Turtle graphics
In the computer language called “Logo” and is now usually known as turtle graphics. It is essentially the control of the movement of a ‘turtle’ on a computer screen by a number of key instructions which can be typed in .
This is the common logo command :

Note : using combinations of these commands makes it possible to draw all kinds of different shapes .

Example one :
Shape to draw

Logo command :                           
PENDOWN
Forward 60
Right 90
Forward 60
Right 90
Forward 30
Left 90
Forward 30
Right 90
Forward 30
Using REPEAT n ENDREPEAT

logo command logo command
PENDOWN         PENDOWN
FORWARD 30     REPEAT 4

Right 90              FORWARD 30

FORWARD 30        RIGHT 90
Right 90                  ENDREPEAT
(option 1)                    (option 2)
Note : both option above will draw above will draw the shape to the left . in option 2, however , does less step using Repeat and ENDREPEAT

Logo command
PENDOWN
REPEAT 6
FORWARD 30
LEFT 60

2. Applications using sensor
There is a difference between monitoring and controlling an application using a computer and sensors . in this cases, sensors are used to send data to a computer where the data processed- it is what happens next where the difference occur:
In Monitoring , the computer again reviews the data from the sensors ( by comparing it to data stored in memory) and updates its files and ?or gives a warning signal if the value are outside given parameters.
in control applications, the computer again reviews the data from the sensors ( by comparing it to data stored in memory). But if it is outside from the range ( acceptable range . the will send a alert.
They also use ADC ( analogue to digital converter)so that the computer can understand and process the data from the sensors.
Example :
Monitoring example : monitoring patient vital signs in a hospital
• Sensors read key vital signs ( such as pulse /heart rate , etc .)
• The data are converted into digital using an ADC
• The data stored in computer data
• The computer compares the data in the form of graphs / or digital read outs.
• An alarm is activated if there is something wrong
• The system continues to monitor the patient until the computer turned off
Advantage
• the computer will not forget to take reading
• they response very fast
• always work 24 hours
• the reading will be more accurate
• Readings can be taken more frequently if they
Robotic
Computer-controlled manufacturing has revolutionised the way products are made. Modern factories are full of robots; everything is automated.

In a modern factory the only people you will see are a few engineers who are responsible for keeping the robots and other machinery running smoothly.

This is very different to old factories, where everything was done manually by human workers.
What is an Industrial Robot?

When you think of the word ‘robot’, you might picture a human-shaped robot with arms, legs and a head – the sort you see in sci-fi films. However this is not how the sort of robots used in factories look.

Robots used in factories are called industrial robots, and they come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

The most common type of industrial robot looks a little bit like a human arm. The robot has joints (like our shoulder, elbow, and wrist) and some sort of manipulator / device on the end of the arm (where our hand would be).
The robot’s joints are powered by very strong electric motors. These motors are controlled by a computer.
How Are Robots Used in a Factory?

Robots in factories are used to:
lift heavy items into from place to place

modelling application & type of processing

A simulation is the creation of a model of real system in order to study the behavior of the system .
The model is generated and is based on mathematical representations .
And this is used to find out mechanisms control how a system in the future and also see the possibility to influence this future behavior.
Computer modelling have advantage like:
• Saving money
• Get information & solution more quickly .
• And more secure
And modelling application have many example :
• Traffic light simulation
• A model showing profit/loss

1. Tuck shop
This is the example uses a spreadsheet to do modelling.
And this is used to show a model of profit /loss from our selling.
2. Traffic light simulation
Used to demonstrate complex simulation , like traffic light
• Data collection
The success or the failure of a simulation model depends on how realistic it is ,
Data needs to be collected by watching traffic for a long period of time at the junction ( a traffic light in each road). This is the best done by using induction loop sensors which count the number of vehicle at each junction, manual data collection is possible but is prone to error and its difficult to do over 18 hours period , for example the following data should be collected:
• The number of vehicles passing junction in each area
• The time of day for vehicle count
• How many vehicles build up at the junction at different time a day
• How vehicle movement change at weekends
• How long it takes the slower & the fast vehicle
• The movement made by the vehicles ( example: turn left or right , filtering, etc)
• Environmental factor, like pedestrian crossing nearby.

Using the simulation
This simulation is used to optimize the flow of traffic through the junction on an ongoing basis.
• Sensor in the road gather data & count the number of vehicles at junction.
• This data is sent to a control box or a computer.it may need to be converted first into form understood by the computer.
• The gathered data is compared to data stored in the system. The stored data is based on model / simulation predictions. Which used to optimize the traffic flow.
• The control box or computer decides what action needs to be taken .
• Signals are sent out to the traffic light to change their timing necessary .
Advantage of using the simulation
• Less expensive
• Safer to run a simulation
• Various scenarios can be tried out in advance
• Nearly impossible to try out some task in real life because of high risk involve (example : in outer space , under the sea , in nuclear reactors, crash test ,etc.).
• Faster to do simulation than the real thing . this is most used in population growth, climate change , etc.
Disadvantage
• Only as good as the data used and the mathematical algorithms representing the real life situations. limited in use in some very complex application example : simulating a nuclear process.
• Can be very expensive to set up and require a specialist.
• Require a processors/ computer system s, to do necessary
Type of processing
3 basic of processing:
• Batch processing
• Real rime (transaction) or online processing
• Real time process control .
1. Batch processing
Sometimes we have a lot of data to process and it is all of a similar form (e.g. we might have to calculate the pay for 10,000 employees – the calculations we have to do for each employee are very similar)

In cases like this, we can prepare the data into a set or ‘batch’ and hand it over to the computer to be processed in one go. Once we have prepared the batch of data, no user input is required – the computer works its way through the data automatically.

This type of data processing is known as batch processing.

An advantage of this type of system is that the processing can occur when the computer is not being used for anything else (e.g. at night). The job is setup, people go home, and when they return the next morning the work has been done.

Typical application where batch-processing can be used:
• Payroll processing                                                                 
• Processing bank cheques
• Printing of bank statements
• Updating of a stock database
2. Real time processing
Sometime we need to process data immediately – we cannot wait and process it later (e.g. using batch processing)

For example, if we want to book a seat on a flight, the booking must be processed immediately. We can’t put it in a pile and do it later, because other people might be trying to book the same seat!

If an item of input data must be processed immediately, and the result is ready before the next input data is accepted, this is known as a real-time system.Typical application where real-time processing must be used:

  

Any type of monitoring system (e.g. hospital patient monitoring)
Any type of computer control system (e.g an automatic production line, an aircraft auto-pilot, the system controlling a nuclear power station, etc.)
Payment systems (e.g. EFPOS and ATM cash withdrawal)
All booking systems (e.g. flight booking, cinema seat booking, etc.)
Computer games (e.g. FPS, driving games, etc.)
3. Online process
An on-line system is one where the user is directly interacting with the computer – the user is ‘on-line’ with the computer.

So, any system where the user is entering data directly into the computer must be an on-line system. If data is being entered and then processed, it’s an on-line processing system.

Examples of on-line processing systems:

All booking systems (e.g. flight booking, cinema seat booking, etc.)
More and more businesses and organisations are storing our personal data so that it can be used to contact us later, for purposes like marketing (selling us things). Every time you fill in a form on a website, or sign up for a special offer, your details are stored in a database somewhere.

If the data in a database falls into the wrong hands, this can lead to some very big problems.

safety aspect

Safety aspect

-Electricity

-Trailing Wires

-Heavy equipment falling

-Fire Risk

WHAT RISK WILL HAPPEN?

WHAT CAUSES IT?

HOW TO PREVENT IT?

HOW TO HANDLE IT?

1. Electricity

Electricity can kill or severely injure and can cause damage on property.

• What risk will happen?

1. Contact with live parts causing burn & shock, can kill.
2. Faults which cause fire.
3. Fire & explosion where electricity could be the source of ignition in a potentially flammable or explosive atmosphere.

• What cause it?

1. In wet surroundings – unsuitable equipment can easily become live and can make it surrounding lives it.
2. Outdoors – equipment may not only become wet but may be at greater risk of damage
3. In cramped space with a lot of earthed metal work such as inside a tank – if a electrical fault developed it could be very difficult to avoid a shock .

• How to prevent it?

Cover sockets and outlets. Covering outlets with wall panels is crucial for preventing accidental contact with wires. If you live with small children, it is also wise to use socket safety plugs to keep curious fingers safe from injury.

Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) outlets and adapters. These devices are able to detect imbalances in the amount of electricity flowing through an appliance and will cut off power to the appliance. GFCI receptacles are required in most new construction homes, and can typically be installed in older homes for a low cost.

Replace electrical equipment that is worn or damaged. Pay attention to the condition of your electric devices, and maintain them regularly. Some signs that indicate a need for repair are:

Sparking

Issuing of small shocks

Frayed or damaged cords

Heat from electrical outlets

Reccurent short-circuiting

• How to handle it  ?

Electric Shock Self-Care at Home

Brief low-voltage shocks that do not result in any symptoms or burns of the skin do not usually require medical care (if you or the affected individual are unsure about symptoms, seek medical care). For any high-voltage shock, or for any shock resulting in burns, call 911 and seek medical care at a hospital’s emergency department. A doctor should evaluate electric cord burns to the mouth of a child.

2. Trailing wires risk

• What risk will happen ?

Slips, trips and falls

• What cause it ?

1. uneven floor surfaces
2. unsuitable floor coverings
3. wet floors
4. changes in levels
5. trailing cables
6. poor lighting
7. poor housekeeping.

• How to prevent it ?

Employers have a duty to make sure they protect people in the workplace from the risks of slips, trips and falls but everyone can help to avoid such accidents.

Reducing the risks is usually easy, costs little or no money and often has other benefits:

Spillages Clean up all spillages immediately. Use a cleaning agent if required. If the floor is wet, use appropriate signs to tell people the floor is still wet and that extra care is needed. Alternatively, use another route until the spillage or wetness is gone.

Trailing cablesTry to place equipment to avoid cables crossing pedestrian routes and use cable guards to cover cables where required.

Change of surface from wet to dryEnsure suitable footwear is worn, warn of risks by using signs and locate doormats where these changes are likely.

Rugs or mats Where they cannot be eliminated, make sure rugs or mats are securely fixed and that edges do not present a trip hazard.

Slippery floor surfaces Assess the cause of the slipperiness and treat accordingly, for example treat chemically and use appropriate cleaning materials and methods. In some cases you may need to repair or replace the floor surface.

Changes in level and slopesImprove visibility, lighting, provide hand rails and add tread markers or other floor markings.

Poor lighting Improve lighting levels and placement of lighting to provide a more even lighting level over all floor areas.

Footwear Ensure workers choose suitable footwear with the correct type of sole. If the work requires special protective footwear, the employer should provide it free of charge.

• How to handle it ?
  1. Look for slip and trip hazards around the workplace, including floor coverings and their condition, uneven floors, trailing cables and areas that are sometimes slippery due to spillages. Don’t forget to include any outdoor areas, remembering that weather conditions may be a factor.

2. Decide who might be harmed and how. Who comes into the workplace? Are they at risk? Are some groups more at risk than others?

3. Consider the risks. Are there already measures in place to deal with the risks? Are floor coverings suitable for the area and the work carried out there? What cleaning and maintenance systems are in place? Are regular inspections carried out? Are employees instructed to keep traffic routes clear?

4. Record your findings if you have five or more employees.

• Heavy equipment falling
• What risk will happen ?

Some ICT devices (like computer screens) are fairly heavy and can cause injury if they fall on you.

• What cause it ?

Equipment not positioned securely onto desks.

Poor quality and flimsy desks.

• How to handle it ?

Make sure that equipment is positioned away from the edge of desks.

Use strong desks/tables that can support the weight with ease.

• How to prevent it ?

Keep equipment away

from the edge of desks

Use a strong desk that can take the weight

5. Fire risk

• What risk will happen ?

ICT devices require power from a mains outlet.

If too many devices are plugged into a single mains at the same time it is possible to overload the circuit and start an electrical fire.

You need to ensure that your room has many plug sockets so you don’t have to overload any single one.

• What cause it ?

Too many devices plugged into a single mains outlet.

Leaving devices plugged in unattended for long periods.

Covering air vents on devices like laptops.

• What risk will happen

Fire presents significant risk to businesses. It can kill or seriously injure employees or visitors and can damage or destroy buildings, equipment and stock.

• stock combustible materials including flammable liquids or gases

use heat processes

have people working alone in parts of the building

have poorly maintained equipment or electrical circuits

have public access (i.e. are at risk from arson)

have poor housekeeping standards

• how to prevent it ?

Don’t overload mains outlets (plug sockets)

Have a fire extinguisher

in the room

Turn off and unplug devices when not in use

Do not cover up air

vents on devices

Make sure that your room has plenty of mains outlets.

Don’t plug too many devices into the same outlet.

Turn off and unplug devices if you are going to be away for a long time.

Have a CO2 fire extinguisher at hand.

Leave air vents on devices uncovered

• How to handle it ?

Make sure that your room has plenty of mains outlets.

Don’t plug too many devices into the same outlet.

Turn off and unplug devices if you are going to be away for a long time.

Have a CO2 fire extinguisher at hand.

Leave air vents on devices uncovered.

printer health issues

Printer health issue

Many of us taught that printer that printer can’t be a health issues, but actually we are wrong, printer can be health issues, why, how can it be?

And in this article we are going to explain what are the factor.

And this are the factor:

1. Toner:

Photocopiers and laser printers use toners as printing process. Toner is an extremely fine powder, which itself not categorized as a hazardous to health, but which they make hazardous is they are in form of dust, which can cause respiratory tract irritation, resulting in coughing sneezing.

The toner dust may spread to air surface for variety reason: toner dust spilled in the machine become a particle passing through air ventilation into the room, the waste toner compartment fills up and cause the toner to back to the machine, or the careless renewal of the toner cartridge causes a spill toner into the room.

And here some tips to prevention:

• If any Toner be split, it is better to vacuum up, rather than brush off because to avoid raising up to the air again.
• The remainder should be removed using damp clothes rinsed in cold water.
• Hot water should be avoided, because it can cause the toner melt and become sticky.
• Toner can be disposed as normal waste, and should be placed in a sealed bag to contain the fine powder.

2. Polymer resin :

The image fixing of the final copy uses a low melt polymer resin: this varies in its composition dependent on the manufacturer. The heat is required for this process is just sufficient to melt the resin and vapor produced is minimal and insignificant.

3. Ozone ( O₃)

The consequence of exposure to concentrations of ozone is the most common concern among user of photocopiers and laser printers.

As Ozone is such highly reactive substance, any adverse health affect will be found site of initial contact.

4. Light & Ultraviolet light:

the lamps in photocopiers emit light in both the visible and ultraviolet ranges. In general , Ultra violet light does not pass beyond the glass plate in which the original placed.

5. Noise & heat

Copiers with collating abilities can be noisy and high speed copiers that are heavily used can generate considerable heat. and in office environment , noise levels at or below 50-55 decibles are preferable.

 

And to avoid this thing that can be found in printers and photocopiers here’s some tips to buy a good printer :

1. Get the current price of each cartridge from the vendor’s own Website. If the vendor doesn’t sell cartridges directly to consumers, we average the prices collected from three or more major online retailers. Check to see whether a printer offers high-yield cartridges, which are often cheaper.
2. All inkjet printer vendors publish yield data for their ink and toner cartridges, estimating how many pages a cartridge can print before it runs dry. Most vendors’ yields are based on an industry-standard measuring tool–a specific suite of documents printed at specific settings–so the results are comparable across different models. Finding the yields can require a little digging, but feel free to explore, and don’t hesitate to bug the vendor for guidance if you can’t easily find what you’re looking for.
3. For each color, divide the price of the cartridge by the total page yield to obtain a figure for the cost per color per page. Be aware that your mileage will vary depending on what and how much you print from day to day.
4. One more tip: Check the information on “what’s in the box” to see whether you’re getting full-size ink or toner cartridges or lower-capacity, “starter”-size supplies.Often, lower-end laser and LED printers come with starter-size supplies, forcing you to buy a full set of replacement cartridges almost immediately. It’s getting harder to avoid this vendor trick, but at least you’ll be aware of it.

5. It’s wise to take engine-speed specifications with a grain of salt, as they may not reflect your usage pattern. Nevertheless, they provide some indication of what the printer could accomplish under optimal conditions. A printer with an print output speed of less than 20 pages per minute will probably be pretty slow; a range of 20 ppm to 40 ppm is adequate for most offices; and a speed greater than 40 ppm is ready for higher-volume use (and such printers are priced accordingly)

6.  Host-based printers lack their own image-processing power. Instead, they depend on a connected PC to handle the job for them. For any printer that has a dedicated processor, the higher the megahertz (MHz), the faster the machine can receive, interpret, and print a job.

   The number and size of expected jobs will dictate how much memory your printer should have. A typical amount for abusiness printer can be anywhere from 64MB to 256MB. Higher-end models have room for expansion.